A.    Theoritical Perspective   a.      The Botto-up Theory The bottom-up theory of reading, also known as the data-driven or sublexical model, suggests that reading begins with the analysis of individual letters and letter combinations (graphemes) to recognize words. According to this theory, readers first decode the visual information presented on the page, such as letters and letter patterns, and then use this information to identify words and comprehend text. This process is often described as "building up" from basic visual elements to higher-level comprehension. Proponents of the bottom-up theory argue that decoding skills are essential for reading comprehension, as readers must accurately recognize words in order to understand the meaning of a text. However, critics of the bottom-up theory point out that reading is not solely a visual process, and that factors such as background knowledge, language skills, and context also play imp...

  A.    Reading Abilities   a.      Decoding Skills : The ability to decode written symbols into sounds and recognize words.   Decoding skills are fundamental to reading comprehension, as they involve the ability to translate written symbols, such as letters and letter combinations, into sounds. This process enables readers to recognize words and understand their meanings within the context of a sentence or passage. Strong decoding skills are essential for fluent reading, as they allow readers to quickly and accurately recognize words, leading to better comprehension. Individuals with strong decoding skills are able to read more efficiently and effectively, as they can focus their attention on understanding the meaning of the text rather than struggling to recognize individual words. Overall, decoding skills are a critical component of reading ability, laying the foundation for successful reading comprehension and literacy development....

  A.    Reading as a form communication   Reading is undeniably a form of communication, albeit one that is often overlooked or taken for granted. When we read, we are not simply decoding words on a page or screen; we are engaging in a complex process of interpreting symbols to derive meaning. This process mirrors many aspects of oral communication. Just as we listen to someone speak and interpret their words to understand their message, we read text and interpret its meaning. Moreover, reading allows for communication across time and space. We can read the words of someone long gone and feel a connection to their thoughts and experiences. Additionally, reading enables us to communicate with people from different cultures and backgrounds, as we can access literature and information from around the world. In this way, reading serves as a powerful tool for communication, allowing us to connect with others, share ideas, and expand our understanding of the world ...

  A.    Perspective Conceptual of Reading Perspectives" refers to a range of theoretical frameworks or models that aim to explain the process of reading and how it is understood and approached in various contexts. These perspectives encompass: The Psycholinguistic Perspective, which delves into the cognitive processes of reading like word recognition, comprehension, and memory. It examines how readers derive meaning from text based on their linguistic and cognitive capacities.   The Sociocultural Perspective, which underscores the social and cultural influences on reading practices. It examines how reading is molded by cultural norms, values, and practices, along with the impact of social interactions on the development of reading skills.   The Interactive Perspective, which perceives reading as an interactive exchange between the reader and the text. It stresses the significance of the reader's prior knowledge, experiences, and expectations in interpreti...